3+ Krebs Cycle Function: End Products, Equations and Facts

by

Krebs cycle is also called to be the TCA cycle having its full name as tricarboxylic acid and also called as citric acid cycle (CAC).

The Krebs cycle function in many ways. In simple, terms all of the pathways for the metabolism of energy are linked to this cycle. Some of the Krebs cycle function are-

It is defined as a series of chemical reaction that helps release the energy that is kept via the process of oxidation of the compound Acetyl-CoA and is derived from the proteins, carbohydrates and the fats. This cycle is also seen to be used by the organism that respire or the ones that ferment to produce energy either by the method of aerobic or anaerobic type of respiration.

Krebs cycle function
Image credit-Krebs cycle–Wikipedia

On addition, this method also helps the use of precursors for specific amino acids and also for the reducing agent called NADH which is used in any other reactions. It is of much vital central use for several biochemical paths that implies that it is one among the old methods or product for metabolism and shall develop abiogenically.

It is located in the matrix of mitochondria. One can be at comfort to help deduce each cell that possess the mitochondria and has quite a few physical conditions that is active in the TCA cycle. Despite all the cells need to perform this, there is one population of cell that has no mitochondria said to be the erythrocytes. Thus, there is no Krebs cycle or vitality of Krebs cycle function is this.

The Krebs cycle function makes the use of aerobic purpose for having a smooth path for it to work. The Krebs cycle that has the lack of the gas oxygen has quite of a limited velocity. There is a process of oxidation involved in this for the acetyl residues. This is the source for the reducing agents and yields FADH2 and NADH. It is said to be amphibolic pathway. Just like the method of electron transport chain (ETC), the process of transamination, then deamination if the amino acids and lipogenesis. 

Oxidation of the Acetyl residues

In the Krebs cycle function, the very first that comes up is having the residue of acetyl oxidized to carbon dioxide.

The method of Krebs cycle is an absolute for the source of the equivalents for reduction that are transferred for the cofactors said to be NAD and FAD. This results in FADH2 and NADH. This is called reduced coenzymes.

The reduced co-enzymes are made to enter the electron transport chain and the process of regeneration takes place. The method of regeneration is said to be the loss of electron or the loss of the reducing equivalents and thus this process is called the reoxidation.

The process of reoxidation is also called to be regeneration for the reduces coenzymes and is the one that links the TCA cycle with the main supply for the reduced coenzyme for the electron transfer chain and thus this cycle is very vital for the making and giving of ATP with having a turn over for making only one GTP.

image 53
Image credit-Electron transport chain–Wikipedia

Flow of many catabolic process

There are many of the catabolic ways that is a source to this. This is the second in the list for Krebs cycle function.

It can be a source to have the intermediates of TCA cycle, pyr, AcCoA. The fate for them can be having the carbon dioxide oxidizes and also to have the rest of the materials synthesized.

The oxidation number for C in the compound carbon dioxide is 4. This compound has a good and high TLV which is basically more and is quite inexpensive while compared to rest of the solvents. It is nonflammable and thus cannot be kore oxidized and thus it is an advantage.

The two of the carbon molecules of the Acetyl-CoA are made to release and thus make a molecule of carbon dioxide, Thus, for this reason they are made to enter the cycle in form of Acetyl-CoA with making a two of the molecules of carbon dioxide and oxidation takes place 4 times.

Providing precursor for the paths

The word precursors mean a substance from which any other alternative can be made mainly concerned with the metabolic path.

Some of the example for the Krebs cycle function as a precursor for many pathways are glycogenesis, having the amino acids synthesized, getting the tetrapyrroles biosynthesized and as a source of AcCoA for synthesizing of the fatty acids.

Glycogenesis is the method for having the glycogen formed and then the basic carbohydrates shall be kept in lover and the muscle cell for the animals and then makes glucose. Glycogenesis takes placed within the blood glucose while the level is sufficient more to have glucose and liver muscle.

Glycogenesis.png
Image credit- Glycogenesis–Wikipedia

Excretion of nitrogen

Alanine and the rest of the amino acids are seen to travel to the organ lover. It is the place of conversion.

In the liver, the conversion of the carbon to ketone body and the glucose is initiated and then nitrogen is converted to the urea which is then made to be extorted by the kidney. Urea takes place via nitrogen cycle.

Urea cycle is said to be the major path for having the nitrogen disposed from the humans. More than 90% of the protein that is ingested is made to metabolize to the urea and then is excreted via the urine. Ammonia is said to be derived from the various precursor of the protein sources.

425px The Nitrogen Cycle
Image credit-
Nitrogen cycle–Wikipedia

Krebs cycle Equation

Krebs cycle was named after Hans Krebs, who postulated the detailed cycle. He was awarded the Nobel prize in 1953 for his contribution.

The overall reaction for the citric acid cycle is as concerned- acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + GDP + P + 2H2O = CoA-SH + 3NADH + FADH2 + 3H+ + GTP + 2CO2. Many molecules in the citric acid cycle serve as key precursors for other molecules needed by cells.

The citric acid cycle also produces 2 ATP by substrate phosphorylation. At the end of the Krebs cycle, the final product is oxaloacetic acid. This is identical to the oxaloacetic acid that begins the cycle. Now the molecule is ready to accept another acetyl-CoA molecule to begin another turn of the cycle. Reduced high energy compounds, NADH and FADH2 are also produced.

It is a series of eight-step processes, where the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidised to form two molecules of CO2 and in the process, one ATP is produced. Reduced high energy compounds, NADH and FADH2 are also produced. It is a series of eight-step processes, where the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA is oxidised to form two molecules of CO2 and in the process, one ATP is produced.

Where does Krebs cycle function?

The Krebs cycle is said to the main and vital source for the cells to have its energy and is vital for aerobic type.

The cycle is actually harmless and also has several chemical energies for acetyl coenzyme that is reduced to the power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The Krebs cycle function side the matric of the mitochondria.

It is actually a cycle for respiration that yields the making of ATP is large amounts and then consumes oxygen to work. It is actually for having the organism respire. Citrate is made in the Krebs cycle from oxaloacetate condensation and thus called the citric acid cycle.

The TCA cycle plays a central role in the breakdown, or catabolism, of organic fuel molecules that is glucose and some other sugars, fatty acids, and some amino acids. Energy is produced in a number of steps in this cycle of reactions. In step 5, one molecule of adenosine triphosphate also said to be ATP, the molecule that powers most cellular functions, is produced. 

Other functions include–

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

TCA cycle is the other name for Krebs cycle and is a portion for the large pathway where glucose is said to be oxidized.

At the start of this cycle, a molecule of glucose is first converted to the Acetyl-CoA. This method outcome in the yield of the 2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA to indulge into the cycle. Thus, the Krebs cycle function yields 7 in number of products-

Pyruvate is said to a molecule in biology and yield glucose as its product that reacts with ATP and also carbon dioxide that converts Acetyl-CoA a then ADP at the start of the Krebs cycle. It is generally included in the start or the first step of the cycle. It is derived from the method of glycolysis that dissociate quick.

NADH

It stands for the compound called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide along with hydrogen and is seen in body.

It is a vital element in the chemical methods that is used to make energy. People also seem to use this element as a supplement for antibiotics with the base of NADH. Krebs cycle function yields 3 of it.

image 54
Image credit-NADH–Wikipedia

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is said to be a coenzyme that is located at the central part and is vital for metabolism. It is seen in all the living cells and NADH is called to be a nucleotide as it has two of the nucleotides linked via the phosphate groups. One of the nucleotides have adenine and the other has nicotinamide.

NADH is a coenzyme found in all living cells; consists of two nucleotides joined through their 5′-phosphate groups, with one nucleotide containing an adenine base and the other containing nicotinamide. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite and a cofactor. NADH is necessary for cellular development and energy production: It is essential to produce energy from food and is the principal carrier of electrons in the energy-producing process in the cells

FADH2

This element stands for Flavin adenine dinucleotide. It has its use in the metabolite of E. coli and also for a mouse.

In terms of biochemistry Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a coenzyme related to redox activity and is linked with several proteins that is concerned with many other reactions. Krebs cycle function yields one of it. FADH, also known as 1,5-dihydro-fad or FADH2, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as flavin nucleotides.

The element of the Krebs cycle function is Flavin adenine dinucleotide and has many of the reactions that have enzymes included with it. A flavo protein is said to be protein that has the group of Flavin and may be in the form of Flavin mononucleotide or FAD. It has its chemical formula as C27H33P2N9O15 and is made by the reaction of reduction and oxidation.

A flavoprotein is a protein that contains a flavin group, which may be in the form of FAD or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Many flavoproteins are known: components of the succinate dehydrogenase complex, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and a component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Both NADH and FADH2 are high energy/unstable compounds, like ATP.

CO2

In general carbon dioxide is a most common word in the product of Krebs cycle function and is a gas that has no color.

Krebs cycle function yields two of this element. There are two of the carbon atoms for the Acetyl-CoA that is released and each is made to form a molecule of carbon dioxide. Thus, for each acetyl that enters two of CO2 is made.

The energy that is made in the molecules of ATP, FADH2 and NADH is captured by them and is along with another compound that captures energy. CO2 is releases as a product that is a waste of the reactions. The final stage of the Krebs cycle function regenerates a compound called OAA which starts the Krebs cycle. Two carbon dioxide molecules are released on each turn of the cycle; however, these do not contain the same carbon atoms contributed by the acetyl group on that turn of the pathway.

GTP

It stands for guanine 5 triphosphate. It is a base of purine and is one of the building block that is needed to get the RNA synthesized.

The structure of GTP is said to be same as that of guanosine nucleoside with having only one difference being that the nucleotides in this like GTP that have the group of phosphates in the ribose sugar. Krebs cycle function yields one of this.

It is a molecule that is rich in the nucleotide analogue to adenosine triphosphate and is made up of guanine, three of the phosphate and ribose and is much vital during the time of protein synthesis. It is termed as guanosine triphosphate. It has its chemical formula as C10H16N5O14P3.

Guanosine triphosphate also called as GTP with chemical formula: C10H16N5O14P3 is a nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleotide and three phosphate groups. It means it has a ribose as its sugar and three phosphate groups attached. Heterotrimeric G-proteins are composed of three distinct subunits. There are many different α, β, and γ subunits, allowing a bewildering number of G-protein permutations.

Also Read: