Sequence Of Nitrogenous Bases In RNA: What, Why, Purpose, Detailed Facts

by

RNA is any molecule which is similar to that of DNA. Juts unlike the DNA, RNA are not double but single stranded.

The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. These bases are also seen in DNA with just an alternate from uracil being thymine. RNA is made from DNA after involving in protein synthesis.

Uracil pairs up with adenine having two bonds and replacing uracil in DNA is thymine. After getting involved with the structure of RNA, DNA and the nucleic acids, we can say that they are made up of base pairs of nitrogen. These bases of nitrogen have the data for genetic coding and are specific to certain amino acids.

DNA on using up all the four bases being adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, RNA gets itself the four but only replacing thymine with uracil. So there is no T in RNA. So just an U. Thus the sequence is 3’TCGTTCAGT5’ with the mRNA code being 5′ A G C A A G U C A 3′.  The base pairs in both DNA and RNA are taken from amino.

The bases of RNA are linked up with each other by chemical bonds and are bound to follow up specific rules of pairing. In RNA, adenine pairs up with Uracil and cytosine pairs up with guanine. Also there is a following of complementary base pairing followed up by the strands.

Just like rest of the bases of nucleotide being adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, which also build up the DNA. Uracil is also a nucleotide. Uracil is the only one to replace thymine in RNA. Thus Uracil is the ultimate exclusive base in RNA.

RNA structure

Along with figuring out the molecular formation of DNA, the next critical puzzle hat had to be solves was RNA structure.

At present, the researchers tend to say that there are many forms of RNA with each of the having to show separate activity and functions. With being many form of it, the base structure is same to all.

The type of RNA is messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA. The messenger RNA is a sure copy of a part of DNA and helps as a template for   making of one or more of the proteins. Transfer RNA tends to bind with amino acids and mRNA. Translation is done for making of proteins and takes place in ribosomes.

Each of the type of RNA are said to be polymeric molecule created by stringing together each of the ribonucleotide. It always adds up by a group of one nucleotide 5′-phosphate group onto the other old nucleotide being 3′-hydroxyl group. Each of the RNA has the similar structure just like the DNA. All of the types are much vital in their roles.

They are made of nitrogenous bases that bond covalently to that of the sugar and phosphate backbone. RNA is a molecule that is single stranded. Also, the sugar that RNA has is not deoxyribose but called as ribose. It has one group of hydroxyl on the second places carbon. This is also accountable for the name of the stand for RNA.

RNA being single stranded can get into the making of any structure that are secondary where a molecule of single. RNA can fold over and make loops like hairpin and is balanced by the intermolecular bonds of hydrogen in between the complementary pairs. Such pain is critical to the function of RNA like that of its ability to bind in the right place at the time of translation.

rr 1
Image credit-
RNA structure–Wikipedia

Nitrogenous bases in RNA

There are a total of five nitrogenous bases in both and RNA. Just the fact of differentiation lies in each has four bases in them.

The five nitrogenous bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. With the four nitrogenous bases in RNA are preferably adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. DNA has uracil replaced by thymine.

The sugar ring of five carbons and the inside of the nitrogenous bases among both the RNA and DNA are a bit different from each other. Both of them have four bases with one among the bases differing in both the stands of nucleic acid. The structure of both of them is quite same with RNA just being single strand. During the polymerization process for bonding, deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTP) are used.

As they differ slight in the structure and rest being similar, it is basically known to refer adenine as the nine member double ring and guanine is said to be purine and thymine is said to be the six member single ring and the pyrimidine is cytosine. Phosphodiester bonding between nucleotides forms the sugar-phosphate backbone, the alternating sugar-phosphate structure composing the framework of a nucleic acid strand

nitrogenous bases in rna
Image credit-
Nitrogenous bases–Wikipedia

Adenine

It is one among the other four nucleobase in both DNA and RNA. It is always the first that gets referred and is energy giving.

The chemical formula for this is C5H5N5 and its IUPAC name is 9H-purin-6-amine.  It is crystalline if seen and is seem to be soluble in water and ammonia.

It is always seem to be in opposite to thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA and forms a single strand. Adenosine triphosphate is a form of adenine that helps in giving out energy with also storing it. It helps in getting phased with all the reactions taking place in the cell. Adenine is an organic compound belonging to the purine family, occurring free in tea or combined in many substances of biological importance

Guanine

Guanine is the one base that is seen opposite to cytosine and two ring base made of nitrogen and carbon.

The chemical formula for it is C5H5N5O with the IUPAC name being 2-amino-1H-purin-6(9H)-one. It is however not soluble on any form and is white in colour. It is derived from purine and linked with double bonds and is planar.

There is a presence of 28 of guanine in the human body with cytosine and guanine being in similar proposition almost. The nucleotide that has this can help in getting involved with cell signaling and other chemical reactions. There are rest form of it seem as well in the bird and also in cosmetics.

gg
Image credit-
Guanine–Wikipedia

Cytosine

It is also one among the bases in both the nucleic acids strands. It is derived from pyrimidine and helps in controlling of the genes.

This has a chemical formula of C4H5N3O and is quite interactive. It is orange in its colour and is seem to pair up with guanine with three hydrogen bases with creating a separate strength in both the pairs of bases. It has been derived from pyrimidine.

During the proves of replication of the DNA it is seen in the post method and found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. There are also form of modern cytosine and are the favorite sport for mutations for its high spontaneous are with the base of thymine.

Uracil

It is one of the bases that differentiate the two strands of DNA and RNA despite having similar structures.

It has a chemical; formula of C4H4N2O2 and IUPAC name of Pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione. It is soluble in water and is derived from pyrimidine. Uracil is replaced by thymine in DNA for it has much resistance to the mutation being photochemical.

Uracil helps in getting the data of genes more stable with it being secure even out of the nucleus. It is also seem to be resistance to oxidation and prevents itself from getting corroded and thus sued in RNA as placed outside the nucleus.  The first three are the same as those found in DNA, but in RNA thymine is replaced by uracil as the base complementary to adenine. This base is also a pyrimidine and is very similar to thymine.

Also Read: